For many of Sanam’s generation, the explosions in Iran’s capital after decades of peace are unsettling echoes of the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s. “I know from experience,” she said, “it is safer to stay in interior rooms to be away from flying shards.” Like many Iranians, she asked for her surname to be withheld to avoid scrutiny from authorities.

The Iranian and Israeli strikes mark the most sustained, direct attacks ever between the two rivals. Three people were killed in Israel and at least 78 in Iran, officials said.