A study by McGill University on a Cretaceous marine ecosystem reveals that the predators at the top of the food chain 130 million years ago exerted a dominance unmatched by modern species.

Although the trophic level of a consumer can be determined by ... For example, TP = 1 + (2 x 0.9) + (2.8 x 0.10) = 3.1, where TP is trophic position of a consumer species, 2 and 2.8 are trophic ...

Energy is transferred along food chains, however, the amount of available energy decreases from one trophic level to the next. The reason for this is that only around 10 per cent of the energy is ...

The different stages in the feeding sequence are also referred to as trophic levels. Producers are trophic level 1; primary consumers are trophic level 2 and so on. Feeding (consumption).