Non-equilibrium processes, such as heat conduction in a bar of metal, remain poorly characterized at the microscopic level. Detailed analysis of simple models can introduce a new degree of ...

In general terms, a dynamic equilibrium describes a state of balance between two processes. The term is used in scientific fields such as chemistry and physics which is where it originates. This ...

Atomic force microscopy and optical-tweezer techniques can be used to study the properties of systems as small as a single molecule. For example, the helical molecule ribonucleic acid (RNA), can be ...

Daniel Liberto is a journalist with over 10 years of experience working with publications such as the Financial Times, The Independent, and Investors Chronicle. Robert Kelly is managing director of ...