International petroleum agreements (IPAs) have structures that are well-established yet strongly influenced by changes in political relationships and markets. The large swings of oil prices in recent ...

In foreign relations, U.S. presidents have exercised a growing independence through the use of executive agreements. The U.S. Constitution specifies that two-thirds of the Senate must ratify a ...

Since World War II, the vast majority of international agreements concluded by the United States have been done as “executive agreements” rather than as Senate-approved treaties. Many of these ...