In an optical fiber, the maximum angle from the axis at which light can remain confined within the core for "total internal reflection." In contrast to the "acceptance angle," which is measured ...

A light ray is traveling in a transparent material of refractive index 1.51 at an angle of incidence of 38 degrees and approaches a second material of refractive index 1.46. Solve for (a) the angle of ...

Solar cells are an increasingly important source of renewable energy, but there’s still room for improvement. Stanford engineers have now developed a pyramid-shaped lens that can focus sunlight from ...