The current pathophysiology of COPD encompasses three main characteristics: emphysema, chronic bronchitis and small airway disease. Macrophages and neutrophils are implicated in this process; thus ...

Pathophysiology COPD results from the combined processes of peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways. This leads to airflow limitation and the destruction and loss of alveoli, ...

People with COPD experience changes in their bodies. It starts with damage to the airways and tiny sacs in your lungs. That progresses to a wet cough and difficulty breathing, which can then get worse ...

So what is an exacerbation of COPD, or exacerbation of chronic bronchitis? Basically, it is based on a symptomatic definition. The patient complains about an increase in the baseline symptoms of ...