The pharmaceutical drug development and approval process is a multi-step undertaking that requires a plethora of testing before reaching the market. Even then, humans respond differently to drugs ...

Schematic representation of gas exchange and waste removal processes within the human body (left). Schematic of a circulating air filtration system with a similar structure to the human body (right).

The human circulatory system represents an intricate network of vessels that extends throughout the entire body. This complex arrangement of arteries, veins, and capillaries works continuously to ...