A study by McGill University on a Cretaceous marine ecosystem reveals that the predators at the top of the food chain 130 million years ago exerted a dominance unmatched by modern species.

Producers Green plants - they make glucose during photosynthesis. Primary consumers Usually eat plant material - they are herbivores. For example rabbits, caterpillars, cows and sheep. Secondary ...

Energy flow diagrams often depict secondary production as the flow leaving one trophic level and entering (being ingested by) the next. Many ecologists, however, have demonstrated that secondary ...

Trophic cascades are powerful indirect interactions that can control entire ecosystems. Trophic cascades occur when predators limit the density and/or behavior of their prey and thereby enhance ...

While the oceans are now safe from the Megatooth, which went extinct an estimated 3.5 million years ago, Otodus megalodon has been revealed by new research to have occupied a higher position on the ...

Remember, food chains do not show the number of organisms at each trophic level. Pyramids of number are not always perfect pyramids because of large organisms at the bottom and small ones at the top.

By definition, trophic collapsemust affect a minimum of three feeding levels. Trophic cascades frequently occur during periods of climate stress. “Our results… suggest that increasing ...