AI & Society, states that algorithmic systems often construct competing but equally valid “model-worlds,” offering empirical support for a philosophical claim that evidence alone cannot uniquely ...

Discover how Monte Carlo analysis helps investors assess risk and make informed decisions. Explore its role in generating ...

Marginal cost measures the cost of producing one more unit of a good. Zero marginal cost occurs when extra units can be produced at no additional cost. Marginal costs include variable costs and can ...

Abstract: Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is an important part of industrial infrastructure but facing serious and evolving security threats in recent years. Deep learning has been widely ...

Abstract: Latent variables pose a challenge for accurate modelling, experimental design, and inference, since they may cause non-adjustable bias in the estimation of effects. While most of the ...